As a speech-language pathologist, I often hear a common question from parents: “How much screen time is too much?” In today’s digital age, technology is woven into the fabric of our lives, and children are exposed to screens from a very young age. While technology offers numerous benefits, it’s crucial to understand its potential impact of screen time on language development and speech. Let’s delve into the research and explore how to strike a healthy balance.

The Double-Edged Sword for Screen Time and Language Development:

Technology, in and of itself, isn’t inherently bad. In fact, educational apps and interactive programs can be valuable tools for learning. However, the way we use technology, and the amount of time spent on screens, plays a significant role in its effects.

Research consistently shows that excessive screen time, particularly in young children, can be associated with delays in expressive language (the ability to speak) and receptive language (the ability to understand). Studies have indicated that children who spend more time watching television or using electronic devices may have smaller vocabularies and struggle with sentence complexity. This is likely due to the displacement effect – time spent passively watching a screen is time not spent engaging in face-to-face interactions, which are crucial for language acquisition.

The Power of Interaction:

Human interaction is the cornerstone of speech and language development. Children learn by observing, listening, and interacting with their caregivers and peers. These interactions provide opportunities for them to practice communication skills, learn new words, and develop social understanding.

When children spend a significant amount of time engaging with screens, they miss out on these valuable interactions. For example, research published in Pediatrics has highlighted the importance of joint attention (shared focus between two people) for language development. Screen time can limit opportunities for joint attention, as children are often passively observing rather than actively participating in a shared experience.

Evidence-Based Recommendations for Screen Time and Language Development:

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) provides guidelines for screen time based on age:

Under 18 months: Avoid screen time, except for video chatting.
18 to 24 months: If introducing digital media, choose high-quality programming and watch it with your child.
2 to 5 years: Limit screen time to 1 hour per day of high-quality programming.
6 years and older: Set consistent limits on the time spent using media and the types of media.

Key Principles for High-Quality Screen Time:

Co-viewing:
- This is crucial. Parents or caregivers should always watch with the child. This allows for:
  - Interaction: Talking about what’s happening on the screen.
  - Context: Helping the child understand the content.
  - Reinforcement: Connecting what’s on the screen to real-life experiences.
Educational Content:
- Focus on programming that is:
  - Slow-paced: Allowing time for processing.
  - Age-appropriate: With simple concepts and clear visuals.
  - Interactive: Encouraging participation.
  - Focused on educational goals: Like language development, early math concepts, or social-emotional skills.
Real-World Connection:
- After screen time, reinforce what was learned by engaging in related real-world activities.

Examples of High-Quality Screen Time:

Interactive Video Chats:
- Video calls with family members (grandparents, etc.) are considered valuable because they promote social interaction.
Educational Shows:
- Look for shows that:
  - Focus on language development: Naming objects, singing songs, and telling simple stories.
  - Introduce basic concepts: Colors, shapes, numbers.
  - Promote social-emotional skills: Sharing, taking turns, expressing emotions.
- Examples of shows that are often recommended include:
  - “Sesame Street”
  - “Daniel Tiger’s Neighborhood”
  - “Bluey” (when watched with parents, to help with context)
Educational Apps:
- If using apps, choose those that:
  - Are interactive and engaging.
  - Focus on specific learning goals.
  - Avoid fast-paced action and distracting elements.

These guidelines emphasize the importance of quality over quantity. High-quality programming is interactive, educational, and age-appropriate. It encourages active participation and provides opportunities for learning.

Example script for parents and caregivers 1: Watching a short segment about colors on an educational show.

Scene: The show displays a red ball.
Parent: “Oh, look! What color is that ball?” (Pause for child to respond or point) “That’s right, it’s red! Can you say ‘red’?” (Encourage repetition)
Interaction: Parent engages child with a direct question and encourages verbal participation.
Context: Parent reinforces the color name.
Reinforcement: “We have a red ball too! Let’s go find our red ball after the show.” (Connects screen time to a real object)

Example script for parents and caregivers 2: Watching a segment about animals on a nature show.

Scene: A cartoon dog barks.
Parent: “Listen! What’s that sound? It’s a dog! Woof, woof!” (Imitate the dog sound) “Do you remember when we saw a dog in the park? What did the dog say?”
Interaction: Parent imitates the sound and prompts recall of a real-life experience.
Context: Parent reinforces the animal and its sound.
Reinforcement: “We can pretend to be dogs! Let’s go ‘woof, woof’ together!” (Encourages imaginative play related to the show)

Example script for parents and caregivers 3: Watching a segment about sharing on “Daniel Tiger’s Neighborhood.”

Scene: Daniel shares his toy with a friend.
Parent: “Look, Daniel is sharing his toy. Sharing is kind! When we share, our friends are happy.” (Explain the concept) “Remember when you shared your blocks with [child’s friend/sibling]? That made them happy!”
Interaction: Parent explains the social-emotional concept and relates it to the child’s own experiences.
Context: Parent provides context for the social interaction on screen.
Reinforcement: “Let’s share our toys now. You can share your teddy bear, and I’ll share my book.” (Encourages immediate application of the concept)

Example script for parents and caregivers 4: Watching a segment about counting to three.

Scene: The show counts three apples.
Parent: “One apple, two apples, three apples! Can you count with me? One… two… three!” (Point to each apple on the screen) “Let’s count your toy cars! One… two…” (Count objects nearby)
Interaction: Parent actively counts with the child and encourages participation.
Context: Parent reinforces the numerical concept.
Reinforcement: “We can count the steps when we go upstairs! One, two, three…” (Connects counting to everyday activities)

Practical Strategies for Screen Time and Language Development:

So, how can you navigate the digital landscape and ensure your child’s speech and language development thrives? Here are some practical tips:

Prioritize face-to-face interaction: Engage in conversations, read books together, and play interactive games.
Make screen time interactive: Watch educational programs with your child and discuss what you’re seeing.
Set clear limits: Establish consistent rules for screen time and stick to them.
Create screen-free zones: Designate areas in your home where electronic devices are not allowed, such as the dining table or bedrooms.
Model healthy screen habits: Children learn by observing their parents and caregivers. Limit your own screen time and engage in meaningful interactions with your child.
Use technology as a tool, not a replacement: Explore educational apps and programs that can supplement learning, but don’t rely on them as a substitute for human interaction.
Promote active play: Encourage your child to engage in physical activities, such as playing outdoors or participating in sports.

A Balanced Approach:

Technology is a part of our world, and it’s here to stay. By understanding its potential impact that screen time has on language development and implementing evidence-based strategies, we can help our children develop strong speech and language skills while navigating the digital age. Remember, it’s about finding a balance between technology and meaningful human interaction. By prioritizing quality interactions and setting healthy boundaries, we can ensure our children thrive in both the digital and real worlds.

For more information check out these resource:

MDS: Unlock Language Through Play: How Following Your Child’s Lead Boosts Communication

First Words Bright Futures Facebook Page

First Words Bright Futures Instagram Page

Disclaimer: This article provides general information and suggestions. It is not intended as a substitute for professional diagnosis or treatment from a certified Speech-Language Pathologist. If you have specific concerns about your child’s speech development, please consult with a qualified professional in your area.