What Causes Preeclampsia and How to Take Precautions Against It

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related condition that affects about 5% to 8% of pregnant women. It’s a serious complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to other organ systems, often the liver and kidneys. If left untreated, preeclampsia can have dire consequences for both the mother and the baby. Understanding what causes preeclampsia and how to take precautions is vital to managing risks during pregnancy.

What Causes Preeclampsia?

The exact cause of preeclampsia is still unclear, though researchers believe it’s linked to abnormalities in the development of the placenta. Here are some factors that may contribute to preeclampsia:

1. Placental Abnormalities

In a healthy pregnancy, the placenta develops and attaches to the uterine wall, allowing oxygen and nutrients to pass from the mother to the baby. In preeclampsia, the blood vessels that supply the placenta may not develop properly, leading to reduced blood flow. This impaired blood flow can cause the mother’s blood pressure to rise, which affects her organs.

2. Genetics and Family History

A woman’s genetic predisposition plays a significant role in preeclampsia. If your mother or sister had preeclampsia during their pregnancies, your risk increases. Genetic factors may influence how the placenta develops and how the immune system reacts during pregnancy, contributing to the condition.

3. Immune System Response

Some researchers believe that preeclampsia may be linked to an abnormal immune response to pregnancy. Normally, a mother’s immune system adapts to the fetus, which carries some foreign DNA from the father. In women with preeclampsia, this immune tolerance might not develop fully, leading to inflammation and damage to the blood vessels.

4. Age and First Pregnancy

Women younger than 20 or older than 40 are more likely to develop preeclampsia. Additionally, first-time mothers are at higher risk. Experts believe that in first pregnancies, the body may not recognize the fetal tissue as easily, leading to immune system complications.

5. Multiple Pregnancies

Women carrying twins, triplets, or more are at a higher risk for preeclampsia. This may be because the placenta has to work harder to support multiple fetuses, leading to higher blood pressure and additional strain on the body.

6. Underlying Health Conditions

Certain pre-existing conditions increase the likelihood of preeclampsia:

• Hypertension (high blood pressure): Women with a history of hypertension before pregnancy are at a significantly higher risk.
• Diabetes: Women with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes are at greater risk because diabetes can cause blood vessel damage.
• Kidney Disease: Women with pre-existing kidney conditions are more susceptible to preeclampsia, as both conditions affect the kidneys’ ability to filter waste from the blood.
• Obesity: Excess weight has been linked to higher blood pressure, insulin resistance, and inflammation, all of which may contribute to the development of preeclampsia.

7. Insufficient Blood Flow to the Uterus

Poor blood flow between the uterus and placenta has been linked to preeclampsia. This can be caused by maternal obesity, high blood pressure, and issues like a small or underdeveloped placenta.

Signs and Symptoms of Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia often begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy. It is vital to recognize the symptoms early to avoid complications. Common signs include:

• High blood pressure (140/90 mmHg or higher)
• Protein in the urine (a sign of kidney dysfunction)
• Swelling in the hands, face, or eyes
• Severe headaches
• Blurred vision or sensitivity to light
• Nausea or vomiting
• Sudden weight gain due to fluid retention
• Shortness of breath or chest pain

If you experience any of these symptoms, especially after 20 weeks of pregnancy, seek medical attention immediately.

Complications of Preeclampsia

If not treated promptly, preeclampsia can lead to life-threatening complications, such as:

• Eclampsia: This is the onset of seizures in a woman with preeclampsia and can be fatal.
• HELLP syndrome: A severe form of preeclampsia that affects the liver and blood cells, leading to liver damage, bleeding, and low platelet counts.
• Organ damage: Preeclampsia can affect the kidneys, liver, lungs, and brain.
• Placental abruption: This occurs when the placenta detaches from the uterus before delivery, which can deprive the baby of oxygen and nutrients.
• Premature birth: To prevent worsening complications, doctors may decide to deliver the baby early, which can lead to preterm birth complications.

How to Take Precautions Against Preeclampsia

While there is no sure way to prevent preeclampsia, there are several steps you can take to lower your risk. Here’s how to safeguard yourself against this serious pregnancy complication:

1. Regular Prenatal Care

One of the best ways to prevent preeclampsia is to attend all prenatal appointments. Your healthcare provider will monitor your blood pressure and test for protein in your urine. Early detection of high blood pressure or other symptoms can allow for timely intervention.

2. Maintain a Healthy Weight

Women who are overweight or obese before pregnancy have a higher risk of developing preeclampsia. Managing your weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise before and during pregnancy may help reduce this risk. Focus on nutrient-rich foods, such as fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains, to support a healthy pregnancy.

3. Control Blood Pressure

If you have high blood pressure, talk to your doctor before getting pregnant. Medication may be prescribed to help manage your condition during pregnancy. Monitoring your blood pressure at home and avoiding high-sodium foods can also help keep your blood pressure in check.

4. Monitor Your Blood Sugar

Women with diabetes are more likely to develop preeclampsia. It’s crucial to keep blood sugar levels stable before and during pregnancy. Work with your healthcare provider to develop a management plan, which may include monitoring your blood sugar regularly, taking insulin if necessary, and following a diabetes-friendly diet.

5. Take Aspirin if Advised

Low-dose aspirin therapy may be recommended for women at high risk of preeclampsia. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), women with a history of preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, or other risk factors may benefit from taking 81 mg of aspirin daily from the 12th week of pregnancy until delivery . Always consult with your healthcare provider before starting any medication during pregnancy.

6. Increase Calcium Intake

There is some evidence suggesting that calcium supplementation may reduce the risk of preeclampsia, particularly for women who have low dietary calcium intake. Foods rich in calcium, such as dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified foods, can help ensure you’re meeting your daily calcium needs. Your doctor may also recommend a calcium supplement.

7. Exercise Regularly

Physical activity can help keep your blood pressure in a healthy range and reduce the risk of preeclampsia. Engage in moderate exercises, such as walking or swimming, for at least 30 minutes most days of the week. However, consult your healthcare provider before starting any new exercise routine during pregnancy.

8. Monitor for Symptoms

Even with the best precautions, it’s important to remain vigilant about preeclampsia symptoms. Keep an eye on any signs of swelling, sudden weight gain, or unusual headaches. Early intervention can make a significant difference in managing the condition and ensuring the health of both mother and baby.

Conclusion

While the exact cause of preeclampsia remains unknown, certain risk factors and underlying conditions can increase the likelihood of developing this pregnancy complication. Taking proactive steps such as maintaining a healthy weight, controlling blood pressure, and staying diligent with prenatal care can reduce your chances of preeclampsia. Always work closely with your healthcare provider to monitor your health and take necessary precautions during pregnancy.

If you’re interested in learning more about preeclampsia, visit the Preeclampsia Foundation for additional resources and support .

References

1. “ACOG Practice Bulletin: Preeclampsia and Hypertension in Pregnancy.” American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
2. “Preeclampsia Foundation: What is Preeclampsia?” Preeclampsia Foundation.